Easing the Transition: Hits and misses of the Green Open Access Rules, 2022

The Ministry of Power recently notified the Green Open Access Rules, 2022, lowering the limit for open access transactions from 1 MW to 100 kW for green energy, simplifying the procedure for open access, and enabling faster approvals. While these rules are being seen as a game changer for green open access in the country, there are still a few concerns. Industry experts share their views on the key hits and misses of the new rules as well as the strategies and measures needed for smoother uptake of green open access. Excerpts…

What are the key hits and misses of the Green Energy Open Access Rules, 2022? How are th­­e­se expected to change the green open acc­e­ss market in the country?

Dr Somit Dasgupta

There is no doubt that the green open ac­cess rules will stimulate demand for renewable power on the open access route, es­pe­cially due to the fact that the eligibility condition for obtaining open access on the renewable route has been lowered from 1 MW to 100 kW. A large nu­­mber of commercial and industrial (C&I) consumers who bear the brunt of cross-subsidy will find it economical to switch to the open access route. In some states, C&I consumers pay a tariff of Rs 12 per unit in the highest slab. They wo­uld gain a lot by paying a renewable tariff of Rs 2.50 per unit instead and a cross-subsidy surcharge (CSS). This mo­ve will definitely help in building more renewable generation capacity.

However, this move may weaken the fin­ancial condition of the discoms further sin­ce a large chunk of their subsidising con­su­mers will move out of their billing fold and only subsidised consumers will be left with the discoms. Fin­a­n­cially weak discoms cannot attract investors to put in their money into generation projects. As it is the accumulated losses of discoms stood at about Rs 5 trillion in March 2020, equivalent to 3.5 per cent of our GDP for 2019-20. Each unit of energy sold results in a loss of 60 paise for the discoms. There is a mammoth investment requirement for achie­ving a non-fossil generation capacity of 500 GW by 2030. To reach the magical figure of 500 GW, we would need to ramp up our renewable capacity from about 10 GW per year to about 40 GW per year, for the next eight years.

This is going to be an extremely difficult task and ballpark figures suggest that we would need incremental investments to the tune of Rs 13 trillion. This is the in­v­e­s­tment requirement assuming only so­lar capacity will be added henceforth. If part of the capacity will come from wi­nd generation, the investment requ­ire­ment would go up further.

What will be the net effect of these rules, one will have to wait and watch. The negative effect of the declining financial position of the discoms may outweigh the po­sitive effect of capacity addition because of higher demand for renewable power from C&I consumers on the open access route.

Deepak Krishnan

In my view, the Green Energy Open Acc­e­ss Rules, 2022 are a potential game ­ch­­an­ger for the Indian power sector. The following are the key hits:

1. The reduction of the open access limit to 100 kW. This creates new oppor­tu­niti­es for smaller electricity consu­m­ers, es­pe­cially small businesses, which are lo­oking to purchase renewable en­ergy. This is critical as they try to res­po­nd to their investors and buyers th­at are in­cre­asingly demanding gree­ning of the supply chain.
2. An opportunity for discoms to retain co­nsumers within their network and av­oid the migration of consumers. In ad­di­ti­on, there are reasonable restrictions on op­en access transaction am­endme­nts to avoid high variation in demand for the discom.
3. By recognising the role of green hy­dro­gen and green ammonia in meeting the renewable purchase obligations (RPOs), the rules go a step beyond electricity-related adoption of renewable energy.
4. Certainty as far as CSS is concerned. The rules have waived additional surcharge if the consumer is already paying fixed charges.

Some of the misses are:

1. Issues of legacy power procurement ar­r­angements. Even if discoms are willing to contract new renewable en­ergy to su­pply to consumers, they will be hesitant as they could be saddled with the­se pre-committed costs.
2. While the support to green hydrogen and green ammonia is warranted, a wi­der de­finition of green energy could ha­ve be­en considered. For example, solar th­er­m­al. This is essential given that the next big challenge in decarbo­nisation is go­i­ng to be from hard-to-abate sectors like in­dustry, transport, shipping and aviation.

 

Subrahmanyam Pulipaka

The Green Energy Open Access Rules are a blessing for renewable energy generators in the country as they have add­ress­ed the key concerns of renewable en­ergy developers. Previously, open access applications took anywhere from three mo­nths to a year with some states being extremely reluctant to grant open acce­ss. The new rules ensure that open acce­ss applications will be approved within 15 days, failing which the applications will be de­e­med to be approved. Further­more, the new rules have lowered the eligibility of consumers to 100 kW, which will drive demand generation as well as the switch to green energy in the country. The new energy banking ru­l­es further ensure that renewable energy generators can avail of banking services and further improve their ability to meet their contracted generation and transmission requirements.

The removal of open access charges, barring a few, is another welcome move as it will bring down the landed cost of electricity generated from renewable energy and fa­cilitate the transition to clean en­ergy. The exemption of CSS and additional surch­a­rge on electricity used for the pr­oduction of green hydrogen and green ammonia is set to increase the domestic production of green hy­dro­gen and am­mo­nia.

While the rules are incredibly progressive, they have failed to address the issue of wai­v­er of in­terstate transmission system (ISTS) ch­a­rges and how the state governments and agencies will be brought on board for smooth implementation as the state discoms stand to lose a huge ch­unk of their revenue because of these refor­ms. States have the power to block the implementation of these rules and this has to be addressed.

The Green Energy Open Access Rules are expected to make green energy more ac­c­essible to micro, small and medium en­ter­prises (MSMEs) and big industries. With a lo­wer eligibility threshold, more and more MSMEs and industries will push up the timelines for their switch to renewable energy.

 

Sharad Pungalia

The Green Energy Open Access Rules, 2022 hold the power to provide the ne­ce­s­sary impetus to India’s solar sector. How­­ever, Section 42 of the Electricity Act, 2003, grants the state electricity regulatory commissions (SERCs) the jurisdictional po­wers to determine open access char­g­es and open access eligibility capacity li­mi­ts for their respective states. Hence, the actual implementation of the Green En­er­gy Open Access Rules depends on how the states will align with these rules.

While there are many positive steps, a few clauses need clarity. For reference, the ru­les propose a defined percentage of mo­nthly banking of unused power for all sta­tes, which is an excellent step considering many states have been restricting renewable energy banking. However, a further clause disallows the carry forward of ba­n­ked energy from one month to another, which becomes discouraging, as it mi­ght prompt the states that already provide an­nual renewable energy banking to switch to a monthly banking system. Apart from this, the proposed determination of open access ch­ar­ges as specified in the rules and the appointment of the load despatch centre (LDC)/state transmission utili­ty/cen­tral tra­n­smission utility as the nodal agency for gr­e­en open access are reasonable steps. The latter can help reduce the in­fluence of discoms in the open access approval process.

 

Vaibhav

The Green Energy Open Access Rules, 2022 have opened the doors for smoo­ther implementation of open access and allo­wed consumers with a sanctioned load/ contracted demand of 100 kW or more to avail of open access, which was earlier set at 1 MW. This creates an op­p­o­r­t­unity for small- to medium-scale commercial users to avail of open acce­ss. Open access used to be a time-consuming and translucent pro­­cess, and to consume­rs’ respite, the rules have att­empted to bri­ng in transpa­rency with a defined timeline of 15 days. Ap­plica­ti­ons will be managed by the central nodal agency through a na­ti­onal portal. On July 13, 2022, Power Sys­tem Opera­tion Cor­po­ration Limited (POSOCO) was appoin­ted as the nodal ag­ency for facilitating green open access and a draft procedure for the grant of green energy open access was issued.

The CSS, which used to be a considerable cost for consumers in some of the st­ates, has been restricted to 50 per cent for 12 years from the commercial operation date of the generating plant. Besi­des, the rules allow a uniform RPO for all the obligated entities in the area of a distribution licen­see, and green hydrog­en/green am­m­onia for the fulfilment of their RPO. It al­so promotes the production of green hydrogen and green am­monia by exempting CSS and additional surcharge on su­ch projects. The rules also safeguard the interest of the discoms by binding the ap­plicants to avail of open access for at least one year. Th­us, discoms can plan their power procu­rement accordingly.

While the increase in CSS has been capped at 50 per cent for 12 years from the date of commissioning of the project, a provision of the National Tariff Po­licy, 2016 seems to have been missed. The policy puts forward the limit of cro­ss-subsidy to be +/-20 per cent of the av­e­rage cost of supply. In the Open Access Rules 2022, it is unclear if this can be achieved or not.

What are the necessary measures required for the smoother uptake of green open access?

Dr Somit Dasgupta

One needs to bear in mind that the laying down of policy is one matter and its actual implementation is another. The implementation has to be done by or­ga­nisa­tions on the ground. One of the reasons why open access as a policy has not been successful is the fact th­at the state load despatch centres (SLDCs) have been pointing out technical constraints that are creating roadblocks. The fact is that the states do not want the po­wer to flow outside their boundaries. Ci­ti­ng technical reasons is only a ploy. Ev­en an organisation as mighty as Indian Rail­ways cannot get open access easily in so­me states to the extent that it is contemplating whether it should set up its own tra­nsmission lines. That being the ca­se, can individual organisations succ­e­ed in getting clearance from the SLDCs for their open access applications. There is a good possibility that despite these rules, the actual situation on the ground may continue to be the same.

Deepak Krishnan

1. The identification of a nodal agency and creation of a transparent registry to track applications – the first part has al­ready been done with the app­oi­n­­tment of POSOCO.
2. The regulators now need to get to work on defining and freezing the CSS to provide certainty.
3. There is a need to work with the state energy departments and discoms to un­­burden them from legacy power
4. pu­­rchase agreement (PPA) arrangements. The process needs to be fair to the people who have put their money into these projects as well as to the su­rro­un­ding communities and em­plo­yees.
5. There is also a need to work with the dis­coms to develop offerings for them to retain consumers, especially C&I co­­n­­sumers. This does not directly re­late to open access, but increases the choices for consumers.

Subrahmanyam Pulipaka

For the successful transition to clean energy, it is important that green energy open access is implemented with great efficiency. The SERCs will play a pivotal role in the smooth uptake of the new rules along with the state governments as electricity itself is a state subject and states have the power to legislate on it. The state regulations and rules related to open access, grant of connectivity along with the deviation settlement mechanism regulations have to be amended to ac­commodate the new rules for smooth uptake.

Sharad Pungalia

As mentioned, the impact of the green open access rules depends mainly on co­rrect and timely implementation. The­re co­uld be resistance from the discoms giv­en the risk of losing high-paying C&I customers, adversely impacting their reven­u­es and increasing the cross-subsidisation requirement. A relook at how electricity subsidy is disbursed is emerging as a pr­o­minent and necessary step in this rega­rd. If we are to achieve any significant re­form in the power sector, discoms must be freed from states’ subsidy progra­mme. Apart from dragging discoms de­e­per into financial distress, the issue of su­bsidy and the resulting cross-subsidy charges has held back India’s adoption of distributed renewable energy.

Vaibhav

The green open access rules and regulations on general network access (GNA) to facilitate non-discriminatory open access to generating companies for ISTS have been notified in 2022. The GNA regulations allow projects with a capacity of 50 MW or above to avail of deemed connectivity un­der open access, whereas the gr­een open access rules allow projects with 100 kW and above to avail of open ac­c­ess. Thus, it can be inferred that projects between 100 kW and 50 MW will still need to avail of op­en access as per the prevalent rules and support ap­plicable under GNA will not ap­ply to such projects. How­ever, a clarification in this regard can help stakeholders. Further, the rules have put the responsibility of tariff determination on the appropriate commissions, which will be based on the average pooled power purchase cost, the CSS and service charges, etc. How­ev­er, a guideline detailing the procedure of tariff determination would help consumers ass­e­ss the likely cost of green energy and plan the purchase accordingly.

While the green open access rules ease the process of application and approval, it would be important to onboard all the stakeholders such as regional and state LDCs and state discoms through a com­m­on forum to disseminate the implementation procedure and grant connectivity modalities to facilitate timely approval and subsequent connectivity for open access.

It would be important for the SERCs to realign the state-specific open access regulations with the central rules and facilitate similar support. Otherwise, a lot of confusion and uncertainty would be created amongst the stakeholders, hampering the effectiveness of these rules.

The CSS has been capped at 50 per cent for 12 years from the date of commissioning for green energy projects; however, there is no clarity on open access availed through conventional energy projects. It would be important to clarify whether the same CSS will be applicable on all projects or there will be a separate CSS for green energy projects.